>

28 u.s.c. section 1331 - Section consolidates portions of sections 74, 75, and 76 with section 72 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with impo

According to archaeological and genetic evidence, t

1957—Pub. L. 85–315 inserted “and elective franchise” in section catchline and added par. (4). 1954—Act Sept. 3, 1954, substituted “section 1985 of Title 42” for “section 47 of Title 8” wherever appearing.Sec. 1331 - Federal question. Download PDF. Citation. 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (2021) Section Name. §1331. Federal question. Section Text. The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. parties. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, a case arising under the United States Constitution or federal laws or treaties is a federal question case. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, a case in which a citizen of one State sues a citizen of another State or nation and the amount at stake is more than $75,000 is a diversity of citizenship case. In aNov 2, 2002 · Other provisions of section 41(1) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 1331, 1332, 1341, 1342, 1345, and 1354 of this title. Provisions of section 80 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., for payment of costs upon dismissal of an action for lack of jurisdiction are incorporated in section 1919 of this title. 20 មេសា 2023 ... ” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Federal courts of appeals also have jurisdiction ... § 1331 to hear cases raising structural challenges to the FTC or SEC.Provisions of section 1 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to the number of judges in the various districts are incorporated in section 133 of this title. A portion of section 863 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., is retained in said title 48. For remainder of section 863, see Distribution Table.Contained Within. Title 28 - JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE. PART IV - JURISDICTION AND VENUE. CHAPTER 85 - DISTRICT COURTS; JURISDICTION. Sec. 1331 - Federal question.A reference in section 71 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., to sections 51–59 of title 45, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Railroads, was changed to “51–60.” Such sections 51–59 embraced all of chapter 2 of said title 45 when the law on which such section 71 is based was enacted, but a new section (60) was added in 1939.Finding an apartment that is suitable for Section 8 can be a daunting task. With so many options available, it can be difficult to know where to start. Here are some tips to help you find the right apartment for your needs.2012—Pub. L. 112–226, § 2(b), Dec. 28, 2012, 126 Stat. 1606, added item 1260. ... This section shall not be construed to amend historical references to courts or judicial offices which have no present or future application to such courts or offices.” ...1978—Pub. L. 95–598, title II, § 241(b), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2671, directed the addition of item for chapter 90, “District Courts and Bankruptcy Courts”, which amendment did not become effective pursuant to section 402(b) of Pub. L. 95–598, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. 28 USC § 1331 - The Statutory Component. For federal question jurisdiction to exist, the requirements of 28 USC 1331 must also be met. This statute gives federal courts jurisdiction only to those cases which "aris [e] under" federal law. 28 USC 1331. This requirement has been found to be narrower than the requirements of the constitution.section 41 of title 28, U.S.C.A., and 35 C.J.S., p. 833 et seq., §§30–43. See, also, reviser’s note under section 1332 of this title.) Words ‘‘wherein the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $3,000, exclusive of interest and costs,’’ were added to conform to rulings of the Su-preme Court.The remaining provisions of section 41(1) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 1332, 1341, 1342, 1345, 1354, and 1359 of this title. Changes were made in arrangement and phraseology. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1980—Pub. L. 96–486 struck out ‘‘; amount in con-troversy; costs’’ in section catchline, struck out min-Feb 22, 2008 · Abstract. Title 28, section 1331 of the United States Code provides the jurisdictional grounding for the majority of cases heard in the federal courts, yet it is not well understood. The predominant view holds that section 1331 doctrine both lacks a focus upon congressional intent and is internally inconsistent. Section 1331 - Reference to chapter 1223. Provisions of law relating to retired pay for nonregular service are set forth in chapter 1223 of this title (beginning with section 12731).. 10 U.S.C. § 1331. Added Pub. L. 103-337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(j)(7), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3005.On May 16, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States decided Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning, No. 14-1132, holding that that the “arising under” test for federal-question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 determines whether federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction under section 27 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) of lawsuits to ...28 U.S. Code § 2201 - Creation of remedy. In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, except with respect to Federal taxes other than actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, a proceeding under section 505 or 1146 of title 11, or in any civil action involving an antidumping or countervailing duty ...united states district court northern district of florida civil rights complaint form for pro se …under 28 u.s.c. §1331 and as stated to an article iii court for criminal charges for deprivation of rights under color of federal and state law; breach of contract(s); for declaratory judgments, and quo warranto and damagesTitle 28, section 1331 of the United States Code provides the jurisdictional grounding for the majority of cases heard in the federal courts, yet it is not well ... A Unified Theory of 28 U.S.C. Section 1331 Jurisdiction. Vanderbilt Law Review, Vol. 61, No. 6, 2008, MSU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 06-03, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com ...(3) To redress the deprivation, under color of any State law, statute, ordinance, regulation, custom or usage, of any right, privilege or immunity secured by the Constitution of the United States or by any Act of Congress providing for equal rights of citizens or of all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States;have original jurisdiction,” 28 U.S.C. 1441(a), including cases “arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. 1331. Congress has added specialized removal provisions over the years. For example, the civil-rights removal statute, 28 U.S.C. 1443, authorizes removal by threeSection consolidates section 41(7) with section 371 (5) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with necessary changes in phraseology. Words “of any civil action” were substituted for “all suits at law or in equity” and “cases” to conform section to Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Word “patents” was substituted for “patent-right” in said section 371 (Fifth) of …(See annotations under former section 41 of title 28, U.S.C.A., and 35 C.J.S., p. 833 et seq., §§30–43. See, also, reviser's note under section 1332 of this title.) Words “wherein the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $3,000, exclusive of interest and costs,” were added to conform to rulings of the Supreme Court.CITE AS: 28 USC 1331. § 1332. Diversity of citizenship; amount in controversy; costs. (a) The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between—. (1) citizens of different States; Section 946 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which was derived from section 424(b) of the Federal Tort Claims Act, was omitted from this revised title. It preserved the existing authority of federal agencies to settle tort claims not cognizable under section 2672 of this title. Certain enumerated laws granting such authority were specifically ...7 Section 1331 provides federal courts the power to hear civil claims involving the Constitution or federal laws, and these claims can include lawsuits against ...The remaining provisions of section 41(1) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 1332, 1341, 1342, 1345, 1354, and 1359 of this title. Changes were made in arrangement and phraseology.Upon timely motion of a party in a proceeding based upon a State law claim or State law cause of action, related to a case under title 11 but not arising under title 11 or arising in a case under title 11, with respect to which an action could not have been commenced in a court of the United States absent jurisdiction under this section, the district court shall abstain from hearing such ...28 U.S.C. § 1446 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 28. Judiciary and Judicial Procedure § 1446. Procedure for removal of civil actions. ... --With respect to any counterclaim removed to a district court pursuant to section 337(c) of the Tariff Act of 1930, the district court shall resolve such counterclaim in the same manner as an original ...Searchable text of the 28 USC 1331 - Federal question (US Code), including Notes, Amendments, ... jurisdiction without regard to amount in controversy of any nonjury civil action against a foreign state as defined in section 1603(a) ... (22 U.S.C. 254a(3))) or a member of the family of such a member of a mission, ...Title 28, section 1331 of the United States Code provides the jurisdictional grounding for the majority of cases heard in the federal courts, yet it is not well understood. The predominant view holds that section 1331 doctrine both lacks a focus upon congressional intent and is internally inconsistent. I seek to counter both these …Read this complete 43 U.S.C. § 1331 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 43. Public Lands § 1331. Definitions on Westlaw. FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. Please verify the status of the code you are researching with the state legislature or via Westlaw before relying on it for your legal …Section 227a of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., provided a time limit of 30 days for appeals from patent-infringement decisions, and section 230 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., permitted 3 months for appeals generally. The revised section adopts the 30-day limit in conformity with recommendations of members of the Judicial Conference of the United ...(See annotations under former section 41 of title 28, U.S.C.A., and 35 C.J.S., p. 833 et seq., §§30-43. See, also, reviser's note under section 1332 of this title.)Words "wherein the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $3,000, exclusive of interest and costs," were added to conform to rulings of the Supreme Court. See ...28 U.S.C. § 1343 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 28. Judiciary and Judicial Procedure § 1343. Civil rights and elective franchise. ... To recover damages from any person who fails to prevent or to aid in preventing any wrongs mentioned in section 1985 of Title 42 which he had knowledge were about to occur and power to prevent; (3) To …The amendments made by section 3 [amending this section] shall apply to claims of discrimination in compensation brought under title I and section 503 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12111 et seq., 12203), pursuant to section 107(a) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 12117(a)), which adopts the powers, remedies, and procedures set ...(b) Except when express provision therefor is otherwise made in a statute of the United States, where a plaintiff who files the case under section 11706 or 14706 of title 49, originally in the Federal courts is finally adjudged to be entitled to recover less than the sum or value of $10,000, computed without regard to any setoff or counterclaim to which the defendant may be adjudged to be ...Under Section 1331, federal courts have jurisdiction over civil actions that “arise under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.”. Most cases brought in federal court rely on section 1331 for jurisdiction.[4] The most obvious case in which section 1331 applies is when federal law creates the cause of action. Other provisions of section 41(1) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 1331, 1332, 1341, 1342, 1354, and 1359 of this title. Words “civil actions, suits or proceedings” were substituted for “suits of a civil nature, at common law or in equity” in view of Rules 2 and 81(a)(7) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Except when express provision therefor is otherwise made in a statute of the United States, where a plaintiff who files the case under section 11706 or 14706 of title 49, originally in the Federal courts is finally adjudged to be entitled to recover less than the sum or value of $10,000, computed without regard to any setoff or counterclaim to which the defendant …Citation: 28 U.S.C. § 1441 (2017) Section Name §1441. Removal of civil actions: Section Text (a) Generally.—Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the United States for the ...§1331. Federal question The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. This section consolidates section 223 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with part of section 11–205 of the District of Columbia Code. Reference to San Juan as a place for holding court in the First Circuit was omitted. The revised section will permit the holding of terms at San Juan when the public interest requires. C. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1544, 1546 (2012). D. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1544, 1546. Answer: A B is wrong because it has 1 section symbol. C is wrong because you don’t underscore/italicize statutes. D is wrong because there is no parenthetical for year 14. You cited section 1331 of Title 28 of the United States Code (published in 2006). You then cited a case.On May 16, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States decided Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning, No. 14-1132, holding that that the “arising under” test for federal-question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 determines whether federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction under section 27 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) of lawsuits to ...Section 8 houses for lease can offer a great opportunity for those who need affordable housing. However, finding the right one can be challenging. In this article, we will explore some tips on how to find the best Section 8 houses for lease...Section 227a of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., provided a time limit of 30 days for appeals from patent-infringement decisions, and section 230 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., permitted 3 months for appeals generally. The revised section adopts the 30-day limit in conformity with recommendations of members of the Judicial Conference of the United ...§1331. Federal question ... The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the ...have original jurisdiction,” 28 U.S.C. 1441(a), including cases “arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. 1331. Congress has added specialized removal provisions over the years. For example, the civil-rights removal statute, 28 U.S.C. 1443, authorizes removal by threeWithin that constitutional framework, the current general federal question statute, 28 U.S.C § 1331, grants the federal district courts original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under …section 41 of title 28, U.S.C.A., and 35 C.J.S., p. 833 et seq., §§30–43. See, also, reviser’s note under section 1332 of this title.) Words ‘‘wherein the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $3,000, exclusive of interest and costs,’’ were added to conform to rulings of the Su-preme Court. 1978—Pub. L. 95–598, title II, § 241(b), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2671, directed the addition of item for chapter 90, “District Courts and Bankruptcy Courts”, which amendment did not become effective pursuant to section 402(b) of Pub. L. 95–598, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy.Section 1343’s grant of federal court jurisdiction is not exclusive, meaning that plaintiffs may also elect to bring claims under Section 1983 in state court. See, e.g., Maine v. Thiboutot, 448 U.S. 1 (1980). Jump to essay-18 Act of March 3, 1875, § 1, 18 Stat. 470 (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (a)). The 1875 act also allowed either party ... Except when express provision therefor is otherwise made in a statute of the United States, where a plaintiff who files the case under section 11706 or 14706 of title 49, originally in the Federal courts is finally adjudged to be entitled to recover less than the sum or value of $10,000, computed without regard to any setoff or counterclaim to which the defendant …“The amendments made by subsection (b) [enacting this section and sections 1697 and 1785 of this title and amending sections 1391 and 1441 of this title] shall apply to a civil action if the accident giving rise to the cause of action occurred on or after the 90th day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 2, 2002].”Section 1343’s grant of federal court jurisdiction is not exclusive, meaning that plaintiffs may also elect to bring claims under Section 1983 in state court. See, e.g., Maine v. Thiboutot, 448 U.S. 1 (1980). Jump to essay-18 Act of March 3, 1875, § 1, 18 Stat. 470 (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (a)). The 1875 act also allowed either party ...(See annotations under former section 41 of title 28, U.S.C.A., and 35 C.J.S., p. 833 et seq., §§30–43. See, also, reviser's note under section 1332 of this title.) Words "wherein the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $3,000, exclusive of interest and costs," were added to conform to rulings of the Supreme Court.On May 16, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States decided Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning, No. 14-1132, holding that that the “arising under” test for federal-question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 determines whether federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction under section 27 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) of lawsuits to ...28 U.S. Code § 2201 - Creation of remedy. In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, except with respect to Federal taxes other than actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, a proceeding under section 505 or 1146 of title 11, or in any civil action involving an antidumping or countervailing duty ... Section 1343’s grant of federal court jurisdiction is not exclusive, meaning that plaintiffs may also elect to bring claims under Section 1983 in state court. See, e.g., Maine v. Thiboutot, 448 U.S. 1 (1980). Jump to essay-18 Act of March 3, 1875, § 1, 18 Stat. 470 (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (a)). The 1875 act also allowed either party ... 28 U.S. Code § 2201 - Creation of remedy. In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, except with respect to Federal taxes other than actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, a proceeding under section 505 or 1146 of title 11, or in any civil action involving an antidumping or countervailing duty ... Admiralty, maritime and prize cases. The district courts shall have original jurisdiction, exclusive of the courts of the States, of: (1) Any civil case of admiralty or maritime …1949 Act. Subsection (b) of section 1446 of title 28, U.S.C., as revised, has been found to create difficulty in those States, such as New York, where suit is commenced by the service of a summons and the plaintiff’s initial pleading is not required to be served or filed until later.. The first paragraph of the amendment to subsection (b) corrects this situation by …Civil Rights Complaint Pursuant To 28 USC Section 1331 Start Your Free Trial $ 25.99. 200 Ratings. What you get: Instant access to fillable Microsoft Word or PDF forms. Minimize the risk of using outdated forms and eliminate rejected fillings. Largest forms database in the USA with more than 80,000 federal, state and agency forms. ...1338(a), 28 U.S.C. § 1331 provides the district courts with non-exclusive ... of jurisdiction conferred by section. 1332 of this title more than 1 year after ...The remaining provisions of section 41(1) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 1332, 1341, 1342, 1345, 1354, and 1359 of this title. Changes were made in arrangement and phraseology. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1980—Pub. L. 96–486 struck out ‘‘; amount in con-troversy; costs’’ in section catchline, struck out min- Section 1. Authority To Compromise Tort Claims. ( a) The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall have the authority to adjust, determine, compromise, and settle a claim involving the Department of Health and Human Services under section 2672 of title 28, United States Code, relating to the administrative settlement of federal tort claims ...28 U.S. Code § 2201 - Creation of remedy. In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, except with respect to Federal taxes other than actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, a proceeding under section 505 or 1146 of title 11, or in any civil action involving an antidumping or countervailing duty ... Searchable text of the 28 USC 1331 - Federal question (US Code), including Notes, Amendments, ... jurisdiction without regard to amount in controversy of any nonjury civil action against a foreign state as defined in section 1603(a) ... (22 U.S.C. 254a(3))) or a member of the family of such a member of a mission, ...1. 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (2000). 2. From March 2005 to March 2006, 244,068 civil cases were filed in the federal courts. Of these, 47,298 cases took subject matter jurisdiction by virtue of the United States being a party. Of the cases not involving the federal government, 134,582 were filed as federal question casesSection Name §1331. Federal question: Section Text: The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. ... (See annotations under former section 41 of title 28, U.S.C.A., and 35 C.J.S., p. 833 et seq., §§30-43. See, also, reviser's note under ...section 41 of title 28, U.S.C.A., and 35 C.J.S., p. 833 et seq., §§30–43. See, also, reviser’s note under section 1332 of this title.) Words ‘‘wherein the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $3,000, exclusive of interest and costs,’’ were added to conform to rulings of the Su-preme Court.Section consolidates section 111 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with part of section 112 of such title. The portion of section 112 of title 28 , U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to venue generally constitutes this section and the parts relating to arrest of the defendant, venue and process in stockholders’ actions constitute sections 1401, 1693 ...1. Jurisdiction is conferred upon this Court pursuant to 28 USC Section 1331 in that the claim alleged herein arise under the laws of the United States. III. VENUE 2. Venue is proper pursuant to 28 USC Section 139 (b) because the claims alleged herein arose in this district, and all parties reside in this district. IV. PARTIES 3.With respect to removal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1441(a), 28 U.S.C. §1446 sets forth procedures very similar to those contained in Bankruptcy Rule 9027. 28 U.S.C. §§1446(a) and (d) provide as follows: (a) Generally. – A defendant or defendants desiring to remove any civil action or criminal prosecution from a State court shallThe district courts shall have original jurisdiction without regard to amount in controversy of any nonjury civil action against a foreign state as defined in section 1603(a) of this title as to any claim for relief in personam with respect to which the foreign state is not entitled to immunity either under sections 1605–1607 of this title or under any applicable international agreement.28 USC 1361: Action to compel an officer of the United States to perform his duty Text contains those laws in effect on October 19, 2023. From Title 28-JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE PART IV-JURISDICTION AND VENUE CHAPTER 85-DISTRICT COURTS; JURISDICTION. Jump To: Source CreditFinding an apartment that is suitable for Section 8 can be a daunting task. With so many options available, it can be difficult to know where to start. Here are some tips to help you find the right apartment for your needs.However, you can use a different law, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, to challenge violations of your constitutional rights by federal officials.7 Section 1331 provides federal courts the power to hear civil claims involving the Constitution or federal laws, and these claims can include lawsuits against federal officials. These lawsuits are called “Bivens” …Amendments. 2002—First par. Pub. L. 107–273 inserted “, or any part thereof” after “as to any one or more counts”. 1994—Second par. Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “order of a district court” for “order of a district courts”. 1986—Fifth par. Pub. L. 99–646 struck out fifth par. which read as follows: “Pending the prosecution and determination of the appeal in the ...This section amends section 1333(a)(1) of title 28, U.S.C., by substituting "suitors" for "libellant or petitioner" to conform to the language of the law in existence at the time of the enactment of the revision of title 28. Editorial Notes Amendments. 1949-Subd. (1). Act May 24, 1949, substituted "suitors" for "libellant or petitioner".Section 1331 - Reference to chapter 1223. Provisions of law relating to retired pay for nonregular service are set forth in chapter 1223 of this title (beginning with section 12731).. 10 U.S.C. § 1331. Added Pub. L. 103-337, div. A, title XVI, §1662(j)(7), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3005.Words in section 227 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., "and sections 346, Justice Gorsuch took a different approach, finding that the Thunder Basin framework is confusing, costly, and unneces, In any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction founded solely o, 1978—Pub. L. 95–598 directed the general amendment of section to relate to bankru, 28 USC § 1331 - The Statutory Component For federal question jurisdiction to exist, the requirements of 28 USC 133, jurisdictional section of title 28 of the United States Code, such as sec- ... claimed under 28 U.S.C. § 1331,, (See annotations under former section 41 of title 28, U.S.C.A., and 35 C.J.S., p. 833 et seq., §§30–43. See, also, Title 28, section 1331 of the United States Code provide, 20 is the next number in the series 38, 36, 30, 28, 22. This is obtain, Pretrial Practice Rules of Civil Procedure Pleadings &, 20 is the next number in the series 38, 36, 30, 28, 22. This, Historical and Revision Notes. Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1, Section 41(5) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., is based on th, See full list on uscode.house.gov , Section consolidates certain provisions of sections 41(3, 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Download. PDF. Current through , Upon timely motion of a party in a proceeding based upo, 28 U.S.C. 1331 - Federal question. This is the most recent v.