Some industry watchers see fares for cruises rising in the coming year. Are we in the waning days of the era of amazing cruise deals? Some industry watchers are suggesting as much as the cruise industry's rebound from a nearly three-year-lo...The meaning of PALEOZOIC is of, relating to, originating in, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the beginning of the Cambrian to the close of the Permian and is marked by the culmination of nearly all classes of invertebrates except the insects and in the later epochs by the appearance of terrestrial plants, amphibians, and reptiles; also : …Beginning 65 million years ago, the Cenozoic’s first of 7 (or possibly 8) epochs was the Paleocene (66-56 Ma). According to the USGS, this 10 million year-long epoch was the time of the diversification of small mammals. As most of the dinosaurs were extinct, new ecological niches opened for the first rodents, primitive primates, and mammalian ...Atualmente considerado um conceito defasado, o Terciário consiste no espaço de tempo que vai de 65 milhões até 2,6 milhões de anos atrás. O terciário, junto com o período quaternário fazem parte de uma unidade maior denominada Era. A era correspondente a estes dois períodos é a Cenozóica. Já o período terciário se desdobra em ...Mesozoic Era, second of Earth’s three major geologic eras of Phanerozoic time. Its name is derived from the Greek term for “middle life.” The Mesozoic Era began 252.2 million years ago, following the conclusion of the Paleozoic Era, and ended 66 million years ago, at the dawn of the Cenozoic Era. Era Group News: This is the News-site for the company Era Group on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksLike another carnivore of the Cenozoic Era, Cynodictis, Tomarctus has long been the "go-to" mammal for folks who want to identify the first true prehistoric dog. Unfortunately, recent analysis has shown that Tomarctus wasn't any more ancestral to modern dogs (at least in a direct sense) than any of the other hyena-like mammals of the …The Cenozoic Era, often referred to as the “Age of Mammals,” spans from about 66 million years ago to the present day. It is characterized by the proliferation and diversification of mammals, the rise of modern ecosystems, and significant climatic shifts, including the cooling of the Earth and the formation of ice caps in polar regions.From hominids, humans evolved in the last 4 million years of the Cenozoic era. 1. The dinosaurs went extinct. Ultimately, the start of the Cenozoic Era was the demise of dinosaurs. After a 6-mile wide asteroid hit Earth 66 million years ago, a dust cloud blocked the sun. It was the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event that wiped out ...The Mesozoic Era is literally the era of “middle life.”. It is also known as the age of dinosaurs. It lasted from 245 to 65 million years ago and is divided into the three periods described in Figure below. The Mesozoic began with the supercontinent Pangaea. Then, during the era, Pangaea broke up and the continents drifted apart.Mesozoic. Mesozoic (252-66 million years ago) means 'middle life' and this is the time of the dinosaurs. This era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods, names that may be familiar to you. It ended with a massive meteorite impact that caused a mass extinction, wiping out the dinosaurs and up to 80% of life on Earth.The meaning of CENOZOIC is of, relating to, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the beginning of the Tertiary period to the present time and is marked by a rapid evolution of mammals and birds and of angiosperms and especially grasses and by little change in the invertebrates; also : relating to the corresponding system of rocks. The Cenozoic Era had been traditionally divided either into the Tertiary and Quaternary ("third" and "fourth") periods or into the Paleogene and Neogene ("old"- and "new"-"birth") periods. In 2009, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) formally adopted a three-fold division—Paleogene, Neogene, and ...The Cenozoic Timescale and Paleogeography. This chart at the left shows the subdivisions of the Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic spans an interval of time from 65 million years ago until the present. The era is divided into two periods, the Paleogene and the Neogene. These, in turn, are subdivided into shorter intervals of time called epochs.Cenozoic Era, Third of the major eras of Earth history, and the interval of time during which the continents assumed their modern configurations and geographic positions.It was also the time when the Earth's flora and fauna evolved toward those of the present. The Cenozoic, from the Greek for "recent life," began c. 65.5 million years ago and is divided into three periods: the Paleogene ...Terror bird is tired of hunting alone. She saw a dead Steppe Mammoth being devoured by two dire wolves. She decided to steal the meat instead.Featuring anima...The Eocene constitutes the middle part of the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), preceded by the Paleocene, and succeeded by the Oligocene epoch (34-23 million years ago); all of these periods and epochs were part of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present).Salix sp. leaf. Liquidambar sp. seed pod. The Paleogene Period* is the first of three periods comprising the Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic, sometimes known as the "Age of Mammals", as the Mesozoic was the "Age of Reptiles", is known by its Epochs. The Paleogene is composed of the first three of these Epochs, (Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene Epochs).Geologic Time Scale. Humans subdivide time into useable units such as our calendar year, months, weeks, and days; geologists also subdivide time. They have created a tool for measuring geologic time, breaking it into useable, understandable segments. For the purposes of geology, the “calendar” is the geologic time scale.It appears to be a variant and original term for Cenozoic derived from a Greek kainos meaning “new, fresh, recent, novel". The name "Cenozoic" (originally: "Kainozoic") was proposed in 1840 by the British geologist John Phillips (1800–1874). (Wikipedia). We observe that Lyell, in his geological works, even the most recent, uses the word ...Study the diagram of the geologic time scale. A time scale measured in Millions of years ago or M Y A. Cenozoic Era includes Quaternary Period, 0 to 1.6 M Y A, and Tertiary Period, 1.6 to 66.4 M Y A. Mesozoic Era includes Cretaceous Period, 66.4 to 144 M Y A, Jurassic Period, 144 to 208 M Y A, Triassic Period, 208 to 245 M Y A. Paleozoic Era includes Permian Period, 245 to 286 M Y A ...The Cenozoic era, which began about 65 million years ago and continues into the present, is the third documented era in the history …Meet the Fish of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. Wikimedia Commons. The first vertebrates on the planet, prehistoric fish lay at the root of hundreds of millions of years of animal evolution. On the following slides, you'll find pictures and detailed profiles of over 30 different fossil fish, ranging from Acanthodes to Xiphactinus. 02.The Cenozoic Era. The central theme of the Mesozoic Era right before was how dinosaurs dominated the land. Now, the Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to …PALEONTOLOGY 9: CENOZOIC This issue on the Cenozoic Era is the last in the Paleontology series. The Cenozoic Era covers the time from the end of dinosaurs to present day. Over the course of this series, we have included information and activities on DNA. DNA, the blueprint for all life, is the foundation of biology. A fundamental understanding of Neogene Period, Cenozoic Era, Phanerozoic Eon [23 Myr - 1.8 Myr ] In the time scale of Lutgens & Tarbuck, the Neogene Period and the Paleogene Period below are combined and called the Tertiary Period. Calling this span from roughly 66 Myr to 1.8 Myr the Tertiary Period is fairly common in geologic literature.Asia. Asia - Cenozoic, Plate Tectonics, Climate: The Cenozoic (i.e., the past 66 million years) was the time when Asia acquired its present appearance. The most important tectonic event in the Cenozoic history of Asia was its collision with India some 40 to 50 million years ago. That collision took place about 1,250 miles (2,000 km) south of ... Cenozoic climates. The Cenozoic Era—encompassing the past 66 million years, the time that has elapsed since the mass extinction event marking the end of the Cretaceous Period—has a broad range of climatic variation characterized by alternating intervals of global warming and cooling.However, the Anthropocene Epoch is an unofficial unit of geologic time, used to describe the most recent period in Earth’s history when human activity started to have a significant impact on the planet’s climate and ecosystems. The word Anthropocene is derived from the Greek words anthropo, for “man,” and cene for “new,” coined and ...The Paleozoic Era, which ran from 541 million to 251.9 million years ago, was a time of great change on Earth. The era began with the breakup of one supercontinent and the formation of another ...Oct 26, 2020 · The Cenozoic Era (66 million years ago through today) is the "Age of Mammals." Birds and mammals rose in prominence after the extinction of giant reptiles. Common Cenozoic fossils include cat-like carnivores and early horses, as well as ice age fossils like wooly mammoths. Caves can preserve the remains of ice-age animals that died in them or ... the Palaeozoic, an era of arthropods, amphibians, fishes, and the first life on land; the Mesozoic, which spanned the rise, reign of reptiles, climactic extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, the evolution of mammals and birds; and. the Cenozoic, which saw the rise of mammals. The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic ...Like another carnivore of the Cenozoic Era, Cynodictis, Tomarctus has long been the "go-to" mammal for folks who want to identify the first true prehistoric dog. Unfortunately, recent analysis has shown that Tomarctus wasn't any more ancestral to modern dogs (at least in a direct sense) than any of the other hyena-like mammals of the …Later into the period it began to withdraw and the coastal plains of the western states were home to dinosaurs like Edmontosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. Another mass extinction ended the reign of the dinosaurs. The Cenozoic era began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous gradually vanished and mammals were beginning to dominate ...The Cenozoic spans an interval of time from 65 million years ago until the present. The era is divided into two periods, the Paleogene and the Neogene. These, ...Psychozoic Era listed after Paleozoic and Cenozoic 1903 – psychozoic era In Ezra Morgan Wood’s Beginnings of Faith and Science, CHAPTER VI, GEOLOGY AND EARTH BUILDING “The Psychozoic era is the era of man” (pg. 82) & “The Psychozoic is the era of soul life, and includes the stone age, the bronze age and the iron age.In July 2013, the NCR was expanded to include three more districts — Bhiwani, and Mahendragarh in the state of Haryana, as well as Bharatpur in the state of Rajasthan. …The Mesozoic Era is literally the era of “middle life.”. It is also known as the age of dinosaurs. It lasted from 245 to 65 million years ago and is divided into the three periods described in Figure below. The Mesozoic began with the supercontinent Pangaea. Then, during the era, Pangaea broke up and the continents drifted apart. At the end of this Period and Era, there is a large dinosaur extinction that completely wiped out all dinosaurs living on the earth. Although not proven there are several theories on why this has happened. Cenozoic Era 65.5 million years ago to today. The oldest known modern mammals diversify and radiate across the continents.Período da Era Cenozóica iniciado há 65,5 milhões de anos e encerrado 23,03 milhões de anos atrás. Divide-se nas épocas Paleoceno, Eoceno e Oligoceno, da mais antiga para a mais recente. É o período do aparecimento dos mamíferos modernos, com extinção das espécies arcaicas. Verificou-se evolução também das espécies …The saber-toothed marsupial, Anachlysictis gracilis, was part of the sparassodonts group, predatory mammals that roamed South America in the post-dinosaur Cenozoic era. The skeleton was found in ...The Cenozoic era is the "age of mammals .". During the Cenozoic, mammals diverged from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals. The Cenozoic era is just as much the age of savannas, or the age of co-dependent flowering plants and insects. Birds also evolved substantially in ...May 31, 2022 · The Cenozoic era allowed mammals to flourish in the absence of dinosaurs. Mammals evolved to fill the spaces left by the dinosaur extinction. Smaller mammals grew bigger during this period. These mammals also took the dominating position dinosaurs had over other animals. The Cenozoic era can be divided into three periods. The Kennedy-Johnson era is an important aspect of modern American history. Learn more about the Kennedy-Johnson era at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement The Presidential election of 1960 was held in an atmosphere of strained international relati...Oct 5, 2023 · Paleozoic Era, major interval of geologic time that began 538.8 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history. The major. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Reptiles first appeared during the _____ era. Paleozoic Triassic Mesozoic Cenozoic Jurassic, We are living during the _____era. Neogene Cenozoic Paleozoic Paleogene Mesozoic, Dinosaurs went extinct during the _____. Devonian Precambrian Mesozoic Cenozoic Carboniferous and more.The KT Event set the stage for the Cenozoic Era Cenozoic Era that began 65 million years ago. As the dinosaurs perished at the end of the Cretaceous, the ...The Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic Era is a realistic animal survival game taking place during the rise of mammals, take control of a variety of animals and fight to survive among other players to reach the top of the food chain. Death, Destruction, Survival, Scavenge, Nature, Thrive, Conquer, Hunt. The Cenozoic Era.The Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic Era is a realistic animal survival game taking place during the rise of mammals, take control of a variety of animals and fight to survive among other players to reach the top of the food chain. Death, Destruction, Survival, Scavenge, Nature, Thrive, Conquer, Hunt. The Cenozoic Era. Online exhibits: Geologic time scale: Cenozoic Era. The Oligocene Epoch. The Oligocene Epoch, right smack in the middle of the Tertiary Period (and end of the Paleogene), lasted from about 33.9 to 23 million years ago.* Although it lasted a "short" 11 million years, a number of major changes occurred during this time. These changes include the ...The Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic era began about 65.5 million years ago. It continues into the present. The Cenozoic era is divided into the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary periods. The Paleogene period lasted from about 65.5 million years ago to about 23 million years ago. It is subdivided into the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs.A “mass extinction” can be defined as a time period in which a large percentage of all known living species go extinct. There are several causes for mass extinctions, ... the dividing line between the final period of the Mesozoic Era—the Cretaceous Period—and the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era. It is also the event …Apr 27, 2023 · The initial epoch of the Paleogene Period and the Cenozoic Era is the Paleocene Epoch, which marks the first subdivision of geologic time after the extinction of the dinosaurs and the end of the Cretaceous Period. In western North America, the uplift of the Rocky Mountains, which started in the Cretaceous, continued throughout the Paleocene. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Reptiles first appeared during the _____ era. Paleozoic Triassic Mesozoic Cenozoic Jurassic, We are living during the _____era. Neogene Cenozoic Paleozoic Paleogene Mesozoic, Dinosaurs went extinct during the _____. Devonian Precambrian Mesozoic Cenozoic Carboniferous and more.Results 1 - 24 of 120+ ... Browse cenozoic era resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational ...Aerial view of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Photograph: M Rahman/Alamy. Asaduzzaman Asad preceded most in his migration to the capital, arriving from the western district of Jhenaidah in 1966 ...The Cenozoic Era, often referred to as the “Age of Mammals,” spans from about 66 million years ago to the present day. It is characterized by the proliferation and diversification of mammals, the rise of modern ecosystems, and significant climatic shifts, including the cooling of the Earth and the formation of ice caps in polar regions.The Cretaceous (IPA: / k r ɪ ˈ t eɪ ʃ ə s / krih-TAY-shəs) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest.At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of the entire Phanerozoic.The name is derived from the Latin creta, "chalk", which is …The Earth has gone through many epochs leading up to the modern Anthropocene. These include epochs like the Early Devonian, which saw the dawn of the first early shell organisms 400 million years ago, and the three Jurassic epochs, which saw dinosaurs become the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. Over the last 11,700 years, we have been living ...The Kennedy-Johnson era is an important aspect of modern American history. Learn more about the Kennedy-Johnson era at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement The Presidential election of 1960 was held in an atmosphere of strained international relati...Era, Period or System, Epoch or Series. Cenozoic (66 million years ago - Present) characterized by the emergence of the Himalayas (cooling, reduced CO2) also ...Finally, the Cenozoic ("new life") era is sometimes called the "age of mammals" and is the era during which we live today. As temporal points of reference, it is worth memorizing the ages of the boundaries that separate the three eras of the Phanerozoic eon.The Paleocene epoch marks the beginning of the Cenozoic era and the Tertiary period. Dense forests grow in the warm, damp, and temperate climate. Ferns, ... Following the Mesozoic era was the Cenozoic, which began about 66 million years ago. This period is also known as the "Age of Mammals," as large mammals, following the extinction of the dinosaurs, became the dominant creatures on the planet. In the process, mammals diversified into the many species still present on the Earth today.Large-scale Cenozoic potassic–ultrapotassic magmatic rocks occur in the central Tibetan Plateau, which record the magmatic–tectonic evolution of the region …Salix sp. leaf. Liquidambar sp. seed pod. The Paleogene Period* is the first of three periods comprising the Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic, sometimes known as the "Age of Mammals", as the Mesozoic was the "Age of Reptiles", is known by its Epochs. The Paleogene is composed of the first three of these Epochs, (Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene Epochs).Wikimedia Commons. Ancestral turtles and tortoises branched off from the mainstream of reptile evolution hundreds of millions of years ago, and have persisted pretty much unchanged down to the present day. On the following slides, you'll find pictures and detailed profiles of over a dozen prehistoric turtles of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Reptiles first appeared during the _____ era. Paleozoic Triassic Mesozoic Cenozoic Jurassic, We are living during the _____era. Neogene Cenozoic Paleozoic Paleogene Mesozoic, Dinosaurs went extinct during the _____. Devonian Precambrian Mesozoic Cenozoic …Tertiary Period, former official interval of geologic time lasting from approximately 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. It is the traditional name for the first of two periods in the Cenozoic Era (66 million years ago to the present); the second is the Quaternary Period (2.6 million years ago to the present).Cenozoic Era: (248 mya-present) Paleocene | Eocene | Oligocene | Miocene | Pliocene | Pleistocene | Holocene. Eocene Epoch (54-33 mya) Early in the Eocene, the global climate remains warm. As the ...The Cenozoic era is also called the “age of flowering plants”, as this era saw the diversification of mammals and modern plants. During this era, Eutherian ...Mesozoic. Mesozoic (252-66 million years ago) means 'middle life' and this is the time of the dinosaurs. This era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods, names that may be familiar to you. It ended with a massive meteorite impact that caused a mass extinction, wiping out the dinosaurs and up to 80% of life on Earth.Cenozoic Era, Third of the major eras of Earth history, and the interval of time during which the continents assumed their modern configurations and geographic …Beginning 65 million years ago, the Cenozoic’s first of 7 (or possibly 8) epochs was the Paleocene (66-56 Ma). According to the USGS, this 10 million year-long epoch was the time of the diversification of small mammals. As most of the dinosaurs were extinct, new ecological niches opened for the first rodents, primitive primates, and mammalian ...Some industry watchers see fares for cruises rising in the coming year. Are we in the waning days of the era of amazing cruise deals? Some industry watchers are suggesting as much as the cruise industry's rebound from a nearly three-year-lo...The Hadean (IPA: / h eɪ ˈ d iː ə n, ˈ h eɪ d i ə n / hay-DEE-ən, HAY-dee-ən) [] is the first and oldest of the four known geologic eons of Earth's history.It started with the planet's formation about 4.54 Bya, now defined as (4567.30 ± 0.16) Mya set by the age of the oldest solid material in the Solar System found in some meteorites about 4.567 billion years old.Oct 5, 2021 · Geologic Time Scale. Humans subdivide time into useable units such as our calendar year, months, weeks, and days; geologists also subdivide time. They have created a tool for measuring geologic time, breaking it into useable, understandable segments. For the purposes of geology, the “calendar” is the geologic time scale. This group is a gateway to other groups representing Cenozoic Periods. We post the occasional article as well.The Cenozoic Era plays a significant role in the history of the Earth. It is the third era chronologically documented in world records which began about 65 million years ago. It has been continuing till date and encompasses all evolution events that have happened so far after the dinosaurs.Apr 27, 2023 · The Cenozoic Era is the "Age of Mammals." North America’s characteristic landscapes began to develop during the Cenozoic. Birds and mammals rose in prominence after the extinction of giant reptiles. Common Cenozoic fossils include cat-like carnivores and early horses, as well as ice age woolly mammoths. The Pleistocene Ice Ages began about 2. ... The Cenozoic Era (66 million years ago through today) is the "Age of Mammals." Birds and mammals rose in prominence after the extinction of giant reptiles. Common Cenozoic fossils include cat-like carnivores and early horses, as well as ice age fossils like wooly mammoths. Caves can preserve the remains of ice-age animals that died in them or ...Timeline of glaciation. Climate history over the past 500 million years, with the last three major ice ages indicated, Andean-Saharan (450 Ma), Karoo (300 Ma) and Late Cenozoic. A less severe cold period or ice age is shown during the Jurassic - Cretaceous (150 Ma). There have been five or six major ice ages in the history of Earth over the ...Aug 29, 2019 · The Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras. The Geologic Time Scale is the history of the Earth broken down into four spans of time marked by various events, such as the emergence of certain species, their evolution, and their extinction, that help distinguish one era from another. Strictly speaking, Precambrian Time is not an ... Sep 9, 2019 · the Palaeozoic, an era of arthropods, amphibians, fishes, and the first life on land; the Mesozoic, which spanned the rise, reign of reptiles, climactic extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, the evolution of mammals and birds; and; the Cenozoic, which saw the rise of mammals. The Cenozoic ( / ˌsiːnəˈzoʊ.ɪk, ˌsɛn -/ SEE-nə-ZOH-ik, SEN-ə-; [1] [2] lit. 'new life') is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66 million years of Earth's history. It is characterised by the dominance of mammals, birds and flowering plants. The Cenozoic era, which began about 65 million years ago and continues into the present, is the third documented era in the history of Earth. The current locations of the continents and their...Cenozoic Era: (248 mya-present) Paleocene | Eocene | Oligocene | Miocene | Pliocene | Pleistocene | Holocene. Pleistocene Epoch (1.8-0.01 mya) During the Pleistocene, glaciers repeatedly advance ...Online exhibits: Geologic time scale: Cenozoic Era. The Oligocene Epoch. The Oligocene Epoch, right smack in the middle of the Tertiary Period (and end of the Paleogene), lasted from about 33.9 to 23 million years ago.* Although it lasted a "short" 11 million years, a number of major changes occurred during this time. These changes include the ...Lista de 15 exercícios de Geografia com gabarito sobre o tema Estrutura Geológica com questões de Vestibulares. 01. (UEL) A estrutura geológica do Brasil é composta por: I. Escudos cristalinos, muito antigos, de rochas rígidas e resistentes que originaram planaltos e algumas depressões, compondo 1/3 do território nacional. II.Kamarupa kingdom, also known as Pragjyotisa, existed between 350 and 1140 CE. According to the chronicle of Yo, Sep 9, 2019 · the Palaeozoic, an era of arthropods, amphibians, fishes, and the first life on land; the Mesozoic, w, Cenozoic is a Greek word that was originally spelled "Kainozoic." The cenozoic definit, The Cretaceous (IPA: / k r ɪ ˈ t eɪ ʃ ə s / krih-TAY-shəs) is a geological period that l, Cenozoic Era: (248 mya-present) Paleocene | Eocene | Oligocene | Mi, Beginning 65 million years ago, the Cenozoic’s first of 7 (or possibly 8) epochs was, The Quaternary Period is the third and last of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era. Yo, Cenozoic meaning: 1. from or referring to the period , PDF | Explorations result of Jhajjar Tehsil, District Jhajjar, In the following Cenozoic Era, mammals radiated into te, Sep 29, 2023 · Tertiary Period, former official interval of g, The Cenozoic era, which began about 65 million years ago , 8.8: Cenozoic. Figure 8.8. 1: Paraceratherium, seen in this reconstru, The Pliocene (/ ˈ p l aɪ. ə s iː n, ˈ p l aɪ. oʊ-/ PL, The Mesozoic ("middle life") era represen, 8.8: Cenozoic. Figure 8.8. 1: Paraceratherium, seen , The three eras in the geologic timeline are the Paleozo, Modern India and Pakistan have proven a rich sourc.